Development of a framework-informed codebook for analyzing qualitative data using i-PARIHS

Abstract Background: The terminology and constructs of theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) can provide a common language that enhances our ability to talk about implementation processes and fosters our ability to synthesize research findings across studies. Use of a deductive codebook based on a TMF can help investigators focus analysis of qualitative data, as well as test and refine the TMF. Although the integrated-Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) framework has been widely utilized in implementations studies, individual studies have had to develop their own codebooks to aid in the analysis of qualitative data because sub-constructs for the Innovation, Recipients, and Context constructs lack definitions and there is no sub-classification of facilitation activities for the Facilitation construct. The lack of a standardized codebook hinders our ability to synthesize research finding across studies. This paper describes a rigorous process of developing a detailed qualitative codebook informed by the i-PARIHS framework.Methods: A VA Behavioral Health QUERI workgroup conducted a rigorous four-phase process to develop a codebook informed by i-PARIHS. In phase 1, workgroup members reviewed and discussed literature, consulted an organizational scientist, and drafted and refined subcodes and definitions for i-PARIHS constructs. In phase 2, subcodes and definitions were further refined based on feedback from an expert panel. In phase 3, feedback from i-PARIHS developers/experts was incorporated into the codebook. Finally, two studies piloted application of the codebook which informed the final version.Results: The resulting i-PARIHS-informed codebook includes definitions for the four main constructs of the i-PARIHS framework: Innovation, Recipients, Context, and Facilitation; definitions for subcodes within each main construct; and instructions for the suggested application of individual codes and use of the codebook generally.Conclusions: The standardized codes and definitions in the codebook can facilitate data exploration, pattern identification, and insight development informed by the i-PARIHS framework. Qualitative analysts can also use them to explore interactions between i-PARIHS constructs, maximize the potential for comparing findings across studies, and support the refinement of the i-PARIHS framework using empirical findings from multiple studies.