Beyond the foliage: Using non-destructive multimodal 3D imaging and AI to phenotype and diagnose trunk diseases

Quantifying healthy and degraded inner tissues in plants is of great interest in agronomy, for example, to assess plant health and quality and monitor physiological traits or diseases. However, detecting functional and degraded plant tissuesin-vivowithout harming the plant is extremely challenging. New solutions are needed in ligneous and perennial species, for which the sustainability of plantations is crucial. To tackle this challenge, we developed a novel approach based on multimodal 3D imaging and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based image processing that allowed a noninvasive diagnosis of inner tissues in living plants. The method was successfully applied to the grapevine (Vitis viniferaL.) in vineyards where sustainability was threatened by trunk diseases, while the sanitary status of vines cannot be ascertained without injuring the plants. By combining MRI and X-ray CT 3D imaging with an automatic voxel classification, we could discriminate intact, degraded, and white rot tissues with a mean global accuracy of over 91%. Each imaging modality contribution to tissue detection was evaluated, and we identified quantitative structural and physiological markers characterizing wood degradation steps. The combined study of inner tissue distributionversusexternal foliar symptom history demonstrated that white rot and intact tissue contents are key measurements in evaluating vines’ sanitary status. We finally proposed a model for an accurate trunk disease diagnosis in grapevine. This work opens new routes for precision agriculture andin-situmonitoring of wood quality and plant health across plant species.