Energy and Climate

This chapter addresses the impacts of global warming, stakeholders in energy and climate, and the structure of the global ecosystem, including the geopolitics and economic dependencies on fossil fuels. Past innovations reviewed include the formation of the United States Weather Bureau in 1890, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 1970, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970. Also discussed are Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards enacted in 1975 and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, formed in 1988. Contemporary innovations discussed include innovations in the automobile industry, driverless cars for disabled and older adults, approaches to managing failures, and designing policy portfolios. Incentives to facilitate transformation of this ecosystems are considered. The economics of transformation include needs to appropriately attribute revenues, costs, and savings across stakeholder organizations and the ultimate question of who benefits and who pays.