Insights Gained from Controversy 4

Extract One of the most hotly debated (and emotionally charged) topics in contemporary motivation science is the intrinsic–extrinsic divide. This controversy is often treated synonymously with the question of whether the effects of rewards on motivation are positive or negative. On the one hand, ample everyday examples and scientific evidence attest to the motivating power of rewards—both tangible (e.g., monetary incentives) and social (e.g., praise). On the other hand, equally abundant evidence points to the undesirable and unexpected consequences of well-meant rewards, such as the immediate cessation of effort when rewards discontinue. Supportive evidence exists on both sides. The gradation witnessed in the contributors’ answers shows answering this question with a simple “yes” or “no” can be difficult. Yes. Grolnick (Essay 4.2) admits that the answer is complex. The effects of rewards change depending on the timing of reward administration, duration of rewards, and complexity of tasks. Nevertheless, she claims that rewards do undermine motivation. When people voluntarily engage in an activity because it is fun and interesting (i.e., intrinsic motivation), they feel a sense of ownership. When they perform the same activity because they are paid or receive other rewards, the new focus on the reward undermines the intrinsic motivation one has originally felt toward the activity. Reward motivation replaces intrinsic motivation. A strong incentive may boost motivation and performance in the short run but not in the long run.