Blazed Diffraction Gratings on Si—First Results

Using direct laser lithography and wet etching of polished vicinal Si(111) wafers, a technology was developed and diffraction gratings 500 grooves/mm with a blaze angle of 4° were fabricated. The manufacturing process of a reflective Si-grating with the triangular profile (sawtooth) can be divided into four main steps: (1) obtaining a pattern of a protective mask for grooves etching; (2) anisotropic etching of grooves in KOH solution; (3) etching to smooth the grating profile and polish the surface of working facets; (4) coating to increase reflectivity. The samples obtained were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy methods to determine the shape of the groove profile and roughness: the shape turned out to be close to the ideal triangular, and the RMS roughness was less than 0.3 nm. Using PCGrateTM software and taking into account the measured real groove profile, the diffraction efficiency of gratings operating in classical and conical mounts in soft-X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation has been simulated. The obtained efficiency values are close to the record ones for the corresponding spectral range and the Au-coating of the grating.