Single-cell analyses identify anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11 as a switch controlling neuronal differentiation of glioblastoma cells

Glioblastoma(GBM)is the most common and lethal malig-nancy in the central nervous system.1 One of the major difficulties in treatment is that the initial clinical diagnosis of GBM is already WHO grade Ⅳ,without recognizable lower-grade precursor lesions.Copy number variations(CNVs)were found to appear in malignant cells several years before the initial diagnosis of GBM.2 Less differenti-ation and more aggressive phenotypes were observed in GBM cells with a higher degree of CNVs.3 Additionally,CNVs provide more accurate stratifiication of clinical outcomes than does the WHO grade system.