Photon recycling and luminescent coupling in all-perovskite tandem solar cells quantified by full opto-electronic device simulation

All-perovskite tandem solar cells are analyzed by means of full opto-electronic device simulation. The optical model based on a novel detailed-balance compliant Green's function dipole emission approach provides a consistent consideration in the wave optics regime of photon-recycling in the individual sub-cells and of luminescent coupling between top- and bottom cells. The electrical model based on drift-diffusion charge transport enables the consideration of non-radiative losses due to transport and recombination and includes the interconnection of the subcells via the recombination junction. The tandem device characteristics resulting from the fully coupled simulation are compared to the optical limit of the detailed balance approach that assumes a uniform quasi-Fermi level splitting, which enables a detailed opto-electronic loss analysis.