Integrated remedial and management strategies for sustaining mountainous soil

The sustainable use of soil ecosystems is declining year after year due to rapid population growth and various anthropogenic activities. The earth’s surface is covered by a thin layer of soil formed by the weathering of parent rocks as a result of physical, chemical, or biological processes. Additions, subtractions, translocations, and transformations are the four methods of soil formation. Characteristic mountain soils are stratified soils that descend from higher elevations to lower elevations. The soil characteristics of the mountainous region are diverse, and they are caused by the deposition of organic materials from forest development. Mountain soil is thought to be unproductive for field agricultural output and highly vulnerable to climate change. Climate change’s impact on glacier melting, rainfall, and the frequency of extreme climatic events like landslides, cyclones, and earthquakes can exacerbate soil erosion and degradation, resulting in unacceptably high soil losses. Furthermore, some anthropogenic activities, such as the abandonment of marginal agricultural areas and intensification of land use, pose a threat to the mountainous ecosystem. Because of the wide range of processes affecting mountainous soil, mountainous region management is an urgent need that can be met by establishing conservation practices for its soil and ecosystem.