Ionizing radiation-induced epigenetic modifications and transgenerational effects

Nowadays a number of nations are exploring differences in gene expression resulting from changes in DNA methylation and modification of chromatin structure in response to external stimuli, such as radiation. It has been also well known that Ionizing radiation affects variety processes in exposed cells, in particular, cause changes in gene expression, mitochondria metabolic activity, chromosomal instability, apoptotic cell death and other changes at the molecular level. The point of view of the transgenerational nature of genomic instability suggests the possible involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. Kazakhstan has the potential to be exposed to a variety of hazardous materials, including radon, a radioactive gas that naturally occurs as a result of the indirect decay of uranium. It is also important to indicate that the Republic of Kazakhstan is considered the leader in terms of large reserves of uranium ores. Radioactive contamination is considered to be an important point that affects both the surrounding environment and human health. According to the World Health Organization, chronic exposure to radon and its decay products is the number one cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. All of the above facts prove the long-term pollution of the atmosphere by radiation has consequences for the health of the nation. Taking into account the importance of radon as a risk factor for lung cancer, this review focuses on discussion of possible radiation-induced alterations.