Beta mannosidosis detected through deafness panel: An ultrarare disease as a cause of a common disease

The recent past has witnessed the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria posing a significant risk to human and animal health worldwide. During coevolvement, the pathogenic bacteria have modified their pathogenic potential to counteract the host defense systems. Moreover, the abusive use of antibiotics has significantly contributed to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The genes responsible for antibiotic resistance (ARGs) are not confined, to the bacterial population associated with human and animal healthcare systems; instead, they have been increasingly appearing in the environmental population and maybe partaken by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from nonpathogenic to pathogenic isolates. Thus, detection of HGT-derived spread of ARGs, knowledge of the distribution pattern of resistance determinants in bacterial populations, determination of dissemination-promoting environmental factors of ARGs are necessary to understand the drug resistance mechanism of pathogenic bacteria. The present chapter will review the recent advancement in antibiotic resistance genes of pathogenic bacteria.