Does back-flow of leaf water introduce a discrepancy in plant water source tracing through stable isotopes?

Abstract. Plant water source tracing studies often rely on differences in stable isotope composition of different water sources. However, an increasing number of studies has indicated a discrepancy between the isotopic signature of plant xylem water and the water sources assumed to be used by plants. Based on a meta-analysis we have reconfirmed this discrepancy between plant xylem water and groundwater and suggest back-flow of leaf water (BFLW), defined as a combination of (i) the Péclet effect, (ii) foliar water uptake (FWU) and (iii) hydraulic redistribution of leaf water, as a possible explanation for these observations. Using the average 2.21 ‰ 18O enrichment of xylem water compared to groundwater in our meta-analysis, we modelled the potential of BFLW to result in this observed isotopic discrepancy. With a low flow velocity of 0.052 m.h−1 and an effective path length of 2 m, the Péclet effect alone was able to account for the average offset between xylem water and groundwater. When including a realistic fraction of 5–10 % xylem water originating from FWU and tissue dehydration, 60–100 % of the average observed enrichment can be explained. By combining the Péclet effect with FWU and tissue dehydration, some of the more extreme offsets in our meta-analysis can be elucidated. These large effects are more probable during dry conditions when drought stress lowers transpiration rates, leading to a larger Péclet effect, more tissue dehydration, and a potential greater contribution of FWU.