Efficient Collocation of GNSS Radio Occultation Soundings with Passive Nadir Microwave Soundings

Abstract. Radio Occultation (RO) using the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) can be used to infer atmospheric profiles of microwave refractivity in the Earth’s atmosphere. GNSS RO data are now assimilated into numerical weather prediction models and used for climate monitoring. New remote sensing applications are being considered that fuse GNSS RO soundings and passive nadir-scanned radiance soundings. Collocating RO soundings and nadir-scanned radiance soundings, however, is computationally expensive, especially as new commercial GNSS RO constellations greatly increase the number of global daily RO soundings. This paper develops a new and efficient technique, called the “rotation-collocation-method”, for collocating RO and nadir-scanned radiance soundings in which all soundings are rotated into the time-dependent reference frame in which the nadir sounder’s scan pattern is stationary. Collocations with RO soundings are then found when the track of an RO sounding crosses the line corresponding to the nadir sounder’s scan pattern. When applied to finding collocations between RO soundings from COSMIC-2, Metop-B-GRAS, and Metop-C-GRAS and the passive microwave soundings of ATMS on NOAA-20, Suomi-NPP, and AMSU-A on Metop-B and Metop-C for the month of January, 2021, the rotation- collocation method proves to be 99.0 % accurate and is hundreds to thousands of times faster than traditional approaches to finding collocations.