Comparison of water use patterns of sand-binding species in an alpine semi-arid desert 

<p>The processes of species obtaining water resources are crucial to evaluate the adaptability of plantations, which can affect the establishment and survival of restored ecosystems and functions of water-limited ecosystems. However, there are still limitations in understanding water use patterns of different four plantations (<em>Populus sylvestris</em>, <em>Salix cheliophe, Hippophae rhamnoides</em> and <em>Artemisia ordosica</em>) in the Qinghai Lake basin. Stable isotopes of xylem water of four individual species were analysed at different dunes located at the eastern shore of Qinghai Lake in 2018 and 2019. The purpose of this study was to explore potential water sources used by different life form plants, to identify whether the soil moisture content and root distribution determined the plants water use patterns. Results from the MixSIAR models showed that all species mainly uses three levels of soil water, but they extracted soil water from different layers in different growing seasons among species. All species primarily depended on water from upper soil layers at the early growing stage, but <em>P. sylvestris </em>and <em>S. cheliophe</em> also absorbed much proportion middle and deep soil layers&#8217; water in dry year of 2019. All four species shift to use middle or deep soil layer water rather than shallow water in July with the most rainfall and soil water content. However, it was only used by <em>P. sylvestris</em> and <em>H. rhamnoides</em> in 2018. In all, seasonal water use pattern of different species was affected by soil water content, soil texture and root distribution. Compared with moratorium plantations such as <em>S. cheliophe</em>, mixed afforestation of <em>P. sylvestris</em> and <em>H. rhamnoides</em> maximized of soil water sources absorbed by the plants. The study can shed light on plant-water relationships to facilitate the woody species for afforestation and desertification restoration management in the semi-arid desert ecosystem.</p>