Insights from the spatial variability of (multiple) uncertainties: Earth-ice interactions for East Antarctica  

<p>Uncertainty, as applied to geophysical and multivariate initiatives to constrain aspects of Earth-ice interactions for East Antarctica, provides a number of approaches to appraise and interrogate research results.&#160; We discuss a number of use cases: 1) making use of multiple uncertainty metrics; 2) making comparisons between spatially variable maps of inferred properties such as geothermal heat flow; 3) extrapolating crustal structure given the likelihood of tectonic boundaries; and 4) providing research results for interdisciplinary studies in forms that facilitate ensemble approaches.</p> <p>&#160;</p> <p>It proves extremely useful to assess a research finding, such as a mapped geophysical property, through multiple uncertainty metrics (e.g., standard deviation, information entropy, data count).&#160; However, a thoughtful appraisal of multiple metrics could be misleading, i.e., potentially <em>not</em> useful in isolation, in a case where there are significant unquantified uncertainties.&#160; Uncertainties supplied with the mapped geophysical properties can potentially be extended to capture this broader range, but that range in turn could become less helpful as the fine detail in the quantified uncertainty will be lost.</p> <p>&#160;</p> <p>In the case of a property such as geothermal heat flow, indirectly determined for East Antarctica, insights can be drawn by subtracting a forward model map from an empirically determined result (e.g. Aq1) to yield the non-steady state components excluded in the forward model.&#160; In such investigations, including the maximum and minimum possible difference between maps is essential to understand which non-steady state anomalies are real, and which could be artifacts attributable to (quantified) uncertainty.</p> <p>&#160;</p> <p>In further use cases, we show how the few available seismic measurements that constrain the crust and upper mantle structure of East Antarctica can be placed in context, given the likelihood of major tectonic boundaries beneath the ice, and link this to published constraints on the seismic structure (and hence, rheology) of the deeper lithosphere.&#160; In terms of how the solid Earth interacts with the ice sheet above, the impact of fine scale-length variations in spatial uncertainty may be investigated in relation to, for example, ice sheet modelling. For a large region and relatively unexplored region such as East Antarctica, uncertainty yields many and varied insights.&#160;</p>