Ionizing radiation toxicology

Ionizing radiation is energy in the form of photons of light (electromagnetic waves) or atomic particles that dislodge electrons from atoms. Different radiation types (e.g., gamma-rays, X-rays, electrons, protons, helium ions, heavy charged nuclei) produce distinct ionization patterns that are a function of linear energy transfer, which in turn influences short- and long-term health effects as a function of dose. Radiation toxicology involves understanding health and environmental effects associated variable doses and types of ionizing radiation linked to, for example, natural disasters, industrial accident, medical radiotherapy, occupational hazards, residential radon gas inhalation, or military events leading to environmental contamination. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the biological and health consequences of ionizing radiation exposure, including acute effects such as radiation poisoning, and long-term effects such as genetic alterations and increased risk of cancer.