Gravity-Wave Emission from Lee-Wave Critical Layers and Energy Budgets

<p>Direct measurements of dissipation rates in the Southern Ocean unveiled a deficit of lee-wave dissipation compared to lee-wave generation (Brearley et al. 2013; Sheen et al. 2013; Waterman et al. 2013, 2014; Cusack et al. 2017, 2020), which is described as &#8220;suppression of turbulence&#8221; in Waterman et al. (2014). One possible explanation is the generation of freely propagating internal gravity waves (free waves with Eulerian frequency&#160;