Renin–angiotensin system and inflammation

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has an important role in inflammation. The classical axis of the RAS, formed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang receptor type 1 (AT1), activates several cell functions and molecular signaling pathways that release inflammatory mediators and attract leukocytes to tissues. In sharp contrast, the RAS axis composed by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1–7), and receptor Mas exerts opposite effects regarding inflammation. In this chapter, we reviewed general aspects of the main molecules of both axes and the role of these molecules in inflammation by discussing the interactions between RAS molecules, immune cells, and inflammatory mediators. In addition, some evidence on the potential role of RAS molecules in human diseases with inflammatory components and future perspectives were discussed.