A marine origin of coal balls in the Midland and Illinois basins, USA

Coal balls are carbonate concretions that preserve peat in cellular detail. Despite their importance to paleobotany, the salinity of coal-ball peat remains controversial. Pennsylvanian coal balls from the Midland and Illinois basins contain echinoderms and early high-magnesium calcite cement. Echinoderm skeletons reflect the Mg/Ca ratio of the seawater in which they grew. Here we show that well-preserved echinoderms in coal balls and North American Pennsylvanian marine facies have similar average mole % MgCO 3 ; 10.2–12.3 and 9.9–12.5 respectively. Coal-ball echinoderms reflect the magnesium content of the adjacent epicontinental seawater. Early high-magnesium calcite cement in coal balls has the same, or more magnesium than echinoderms from the same deposit, and high Sr/Ca and Na/Ca, consistent with formation in marine or brackish water. Subsequent coal-ball cement is low-magnesium calcite, suggesting freshwater diagenesis and cementation followed formation of marine high-magnesium calcite. Coal balls likely formed in the marine-freshwater mixing zone.