Uncovering the Fate and Risks of Intravenously Injected Prussian Blue Nanoparticles in mice by an Integrated Methodology of Toxicology, Pharmacokinetics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics

Background Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles (NPs) have been intensively investigated for medical applications, but an in-depth toxicological investigation of PB NPs has not been implemented. In the present study, a comprehensive investigation of the fate and risks of PB NPs after intravenous administration was carried out by using a mouse model and an integrated methodology of pharmacokinetics, toxicology, proteomics, and metabolomics. Results General toxicological studies demonstrated that intravenous administration of PB NPs at 5 or 10 mg/kg could not induce obvious toxicity in mice, while mice treated with a relatively high dose of PB NPs at 20 mg/kg exhibited loss of appetite and weight decrease in the first two days postinjection. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that intravenously administered PB NPs (20 mg/kg) underwent fast clearance from blood, highly accumulated in the liver and lungs of mice, and finally cleared from tissues. By further integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis, we found that protein expression and metabolite levels changed significantly in the liver and lungs of mice due to the high accumulation of PB NPs, leading to slight inflammatory responses and intracellular oxidative stress. Conclusions Collectively, our integrated experimental data imply that the high accumulation of PB NPs may cause potential risks to the liver and lungs of mice, which will provide detailed references and guidance for further clinical application of PB NPs in the future.