Proteomics and Immune Response Differences in Apis mellifera and Apis cerana Inoculated with Three Nosema ceranae Isolates.

infects midgut epithelial cells of the species and has jumped from its original host to worldwide, raising questions about the response of the new host. We compared the responses of these two species to isolates from , from Thailand and from France. Proteomics and transcriptomics results were combined to better understand the impact on the immunity of the two species. This is the first combination of omics analyses to evaluate the impact of spores from different origins and provides new insights into the differential immune responses in honeybees inoculated with from original . No difference in the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) was observed in , whereas these peptides were altered in compared to controls. Inoculation of or with upregulated AMP genes and cellular-mediated immune genes but did not significantly alter apoptosis-related gene expression. showed a stronger immune response than after inoculation with different isolates. from had a strong negative impact on the health of and compared to other isolates.