Degradation of Rhodamine 6G dye using a novel glass-marble packed bed reactor-based cavitation

The current research focuses on cavitation-based cavitation treatment methods based on the employment of external oxidants for the degradation of Rhodamine 6G (Rh 6G) aqueous solution. Adsorption investigations, hydrogen peroxide detection, fluid velocity, and glass-marble size assessed the reactor performance. To further intensify the process, experiments on the combined impact of two additives have been carried out at their op-timum loading concentration. In addition to lowering Rh 6 G content, lentil seeds were tested for cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on meristematic cells. Preliminary investigation on the impacts of fluid velocity, marble size, pH, and initial dye concentration found that higher velocity (87.18 +/- 1.00 m/s), smaller marble size (0.6 cm), lower pH (12.5), and lower dye concentration (10 ppm) were better for degradation. Treatment methods that use hydrogen peroxide along with glass-marble packed bed reactor-based cavitation result in noticeably superior results (96.35%) than those that use hydrogen peroxide alone (11.28%). The toxicological assessment indicates Rh 6G toxicity and the ineffectiveness of the prescribed treatment. In this work, glass-marble packed bed reactor -based cavitation-based treatment approaches were shown to be a better alternative for Rh 6G degradation and enable large-capacity applications similar to orifice-venturi based hydrodynamic cavitation reactors for indus-trial wastewater treatment.