Eco-Friendly Extraction of Green Coffee Oil for Industrial Applications: Its Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Clonogenic, and Wound Healing Properties

The development of natural oil-based cosmetic and pharmaceutical products presents great scientific and commercial interest. Herein, we aimed to extract green coffee oil from Arabic coffee by a sustainable cold-pressing method. Furthermore, this work aimed to characterize the obtained green coffee oil by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopies (UV-Vis), peroxide analysis, and fatty acids profile by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Moreover, the functional and biological properties of the obtained green coffee oil and a green-coffee oil-based commercial product (Energy up((R)), Dermociencia) were investigated. The green coffee oil presented linoleic and palmitic acids as the major fatty acids showing 44.8% and 35.4%, respectively. Moreover, this green coffee oil presented an antioxidant activity (EC50 7.64 mg/mL) and an absence of cytotoxic effects in keratinocyte cultures treated with up to 20 mg/mL. The obtained green coffee oil showed wound healing properties as well as clonogenic efficiency, a biological potential to induce the proliferative and migratory capacity of cells of human skin keratinocytes at 2.5 mg/mL. The samples presented high antioxidant activity and the absence of a cytotoxic effect, suggesting that green coffee oil is a promising natural product for cosmetic applications with wound healing properties. These results open new ways for the use of green coffee oil for the development of cosmetic and pharmaceutics natural-based products.