Quantum-Resistant MACsec and IPsec for Virtual Private Networks.

Despite considerable progress in theoretical post-quantum cryptography we have yet to see significant advances in its practical adoption. The necessary protocol modifications need to be identified, implemented and tested; good solutions need to be standardized and finally adopted in the real world. This work executes the first steps needed to standardize quantum-proof Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) on Layers 2 and 3 of the OSI model employing the MACsec/MKA and IPsec/IKEv2 protocols, respectively. We identify requirements and assemble a list of ideal features, discuss difficulties and possible solutions, point out our standardization efforts, and provide the results of some sample implementations for both layers.