Influence of Wave-Induced Radiation Stress on Upper-Layer Ocean Temperature during Typhoons.

Radiation stress is defined as the excess momentum caused by ocean waves, which exerts an indispensable impact on the upper-layer ocean conditions as waves pass by. Previous research concentrated on sea surface cooling caused by typhoons. In this paper, we investigated the effect of wave-induced radiation stress on upper-layer ocean temperature (including sea surface temperature (SST) and mixed-layer temperature) under typhoon conditions, as well as the effect of radiation stress on the surface current field. The FVCOM-SWAVE model, which is based on the SWAN model, is used to simulate the response of upper-layer ocean temperature to radiation stress. The simulated results, when validated with Jason-3 satellite and ARGO data, could reproduce the observed phenomenon well in general. Compared to simulations without radiation stress, the bias in the SST results is reduced by about 1 °C if the radiation stress term is taken into account. The mixed-layer depth temperature is expected to be simulated more accurately, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 1.63 °C and a correlation coefficient (COR) of about 0.94. Results show that wave-induced radiation stress enhances the surface current and causes certain deviations to the right so that the upper water diverges and upwelling increases, resulting in a decrease in SST. When the influence of double typhoons is considered, the airflow of LEKIMA(L) rotates from the northwest toward KROSA (R), limiting the development of significant wave height (SWH) and reducing the cooling range. As a result, the present study is of tremendous importance in precisely forecasting the ocean state of the western North Pacific (WNP).