Tissue factor expression in monocyte subsets during human immunothrombosis, endotoxemia and sepsis

IntroductionTissue factor expression on monocytes is implicated in the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced coagulopathy. How tissue factor is expressed by monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate and non-classical) is unknown.MethodsMonocytic tissue factor surface expression was investigated during three conditions. Primary human monocytes and microvascular endothelial cell co-cultures were used for in vitro studies. Volunteers received a bolus of lipopolysaccharide (2 ng/kg) to induce endotoxemia. Patients with sepsis, or controls with critical illness unrelated to sepsis, were recruited from four intensive care units.ResultsContact with endothelium and stimulation with lipopolysaccharide reduced the proportion of intermediate monocytes. Lipopolysaccharide increased tissue factor surface expression on classical and non-classical monocytes. Endotoxemia induced profound, transient monocytopenia, along with activation of coagulation pathways. In the remaining circulating monocytes, tissue factor was up-regulated in intermediate monocytes, though approximately 60 % of individuals (responders) up-regulated tissue factor across all monocyte subsets. In critically ill patients, tissue factor expression on intermediate and non-classical monocytes was significantly higher in patients with established sepsis than among non-septic patients. Upon recovery of sepsis, expression of tissue factor increased significantly in classical monocytes.ConclusionTissue factor expression in monocyte subsets varies significantly during health, endotoxemia and sepsis.