Improvements of Flux Pinning Properties in Bi1.6pb0.4sr2ca2cu3o10+Δ Superconductors by Additions of Sno2 Nanoparticles

The impact of adding SnO2 nanoparticles on the flux pinning properties of the Bi–Pb–Sr–Ca–Cu–O system was studied. Polycrystalline samples of (Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ)1−x(SnO2) x (x=0.000, 0.002, 0.004, 0.006, 0.008, 0.010) were made through traditional solid state reaction. X-ray diffraction results showed that all samples consisted of Bi-2223 and Bi-2212 phases. The volume fraction of the Bi-2223 phase decreased with SnO2 addition. Analysis of textural structure using scanning electron microscopy revealed a decrease in grain orientation and porosity with increased doping concentrations. SnO2 presence in connection to Bi-2223 deceleration reduced the critical temperature. In the x=0.002 samples, the critical current density dependency on the magnetic field Jc(B) was strengthened and achieved its maximum values. Small and large bundle fields were approximated in the context of the collective pinning theory, indicating the expansion of the small and large bundle regimes with appropriate dopant quantities. The majority of the flux pinning mechanisms in all samples are consistent with δl pinning according to the temperature-dependent normalized critical current density. SnO2 nanoparticles produced typical core point pinning centers in the matrix according to the Dew–-Hughes model's analysis of the pinning center attributes.