Greenland Ice Sheet Ice Slab Expansion and Thickening

We use airborne accumulation radar data acquired over the Greenland Ice Sheet between 2002 and 2018 to identify changes in ice slab extent and thickness. We show that ice slabs several meters thick were already present at least as early as 2002. Between 2012 and 2018, they expanded by 13,400-1....7,600 km(2) inland, or 37%-44%. Our results document that the extremely warm summer of 2012 produced near-surface ice layers at higher elevations, enabling ice slabs to develop with only moderate melting in the following summers. With repeat flights along a transect in southwest Greenland, we show that moderate melting primarily causes slab thickening through uniform accretion on top of the ice slabs, while large melting events can also trigger localized accretion below existing ice slabs.