Ecological momentary assessment of postpartum outcomes in mothers of multiples: lower maternal-infant bonding, higher stress, and more disrupted sleep

Research on mental health in mothers of multiples has neglected important outcomes like postpartum bonding and relationship satisfaction and is limited by reliance on single-administration, retrospective measures. This study fills these gaps by assessing previously unexamined variables and using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), wherein participants answer repeated, brief surveys to measure real-world, real-time outcomes. This online study recruited 221 women and compared outcomes in those who birthed multiples ( n = 127, 57.47%) vs. singletons ( n = 94, 42.53%). When recruited, participants were either 6–12 ( n = 129, 58.37%) or 18–24 ( n = 83, 37.56%) weeks postpartum. All 221 participants completed baseline measures of self-reported depression, anxiety, stress, sleep, relationship satisfaction, and maternal-infant bonding. One hundred thirty participants (58.82%) engaged in 7 days of EMA assessing self-reported momentary mood, stress, fatigue, bonding, and sleep. Data were analyzed using two-by-two ANOVAs and hierarchical linear modeling. Mothers of multiples reported more baseline parenting stress and less maternal-infant bonding than mothers of singletons ( p s < .05). Mothers of multiples who were 6–12 weeks postpartum reported the lowest bonding ( p = .03). Mothers of multiples also reported more momentary stress, overwhelm, nighttime awakenings, and wake time after sleep onset ( p s < .05). The latter two variables positively correlated with momentary fatigue, stress, and worse mood ( p s < .05). Mothers of multiples experienced worse postpartum bonding, more stress, and more interrupted sleep than mothers of singletons. This population may benefit from tailored postpartum interventions to decrease stress, increase bonding, and improve sleep.