Diversified component incorporated hybrid nanoflowers: A versatile material for biosensing and biomedical applications

Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (HNFs) have generated widespread research interest owing to their properties to efficiently entrap organic components like protein or enzyme within their nanostructured matrices, yielding high activity, stability, and recyclability. Recently, much effort has been devoted to developing advanced HNFs composed of diversified components, such as multiple proteins, nanoparticles, polymers, and nucleic acids, to achieve different functionalities enabling extended applications. Compared to the conventional HNFs primarily serving as immobilization supports for enzyme, diversified component incorporated HNFs can have unique multiple functionalities, essentially for developing novel biosensing and biomedical strategies. Herein, an overview for the recent advances on diversified components incorporated HNFs is presented with an emphasis on the potential biotechnological applications. Synthetic strategies, structural characteristics, and unique properties of diverse HNFs are discussed with representative studies, demonstrating the versatility of the HNFs. Current challenges and future opportunities of the HNFs are also discussed.