Local moisture recycling across the globe

Changes in evaporation over land affect terrestrial precipitation via atmospheric moisture recycling and, consequently, freshwater availability. Although global moisture recycling at regional and continental scales is relatively well understood, the patterns of local moisture recycling and the main variables that impact it remain unknown. We calculate the local moisture recycling ratio (LMR) as the fraction of evaporated moisture that precipitates within a distance of 0.5 degrees (typically 50 km) of its source, identify variables that correlate with it over land globally, and study its model dependency. We derive the seasonal and annual LMR using a 10-year climatology (2008-2017) of monthly averaged atmospheric moisture connections at a scale of 0.5 degrees obtained from a Lagrangian atmospheric moisture tracking model. We find that, annually, an average of 1.7 % (SD of 1.1 %) of evaporated moisture returns as precipitation locally, although with large temporal and spatial variability, and the LMR peaks in summer and over wet and mountainous regions. Our results show that wetness, orography, latitude, convective available potential energy, wind speed, and total cloud cover correlate clearly with the LMR, indicating that wet regions with little wind and strong ascending air are particularly favourable for a high LMR. Finally, we find that spatial patterns of local recycling are consistent between different models, yet the magnitude of recycling varies. Our results can be used to study the impacts of evaporation changes on local precipitation, with implications for, for example, regreening and water management.