3D-Printed Graded Electrode with Ultrahigh MnO2 Loading for Non-Aqueous Electrochemical Energy Storage

Electrolytic manganese dioxide is one of the promising cathode candidates for electrochemical energy storage devices due to its high redox capacity and ease of synthesis. Yet, high-loading MnO2 often suffers from sluggish reaction kinetics, especially in non-aqueous electrolytes. The non-uniform deposition of MnO2 on a porous current collectors also makes it difficult to fully utilize the active materials at high mass loading. Here, a 3D printed graded graphene aerogel (3D GA) that contains sparsely separated exterior ligaments is developed to create large open channels for mass transport as well as densely arranged interior ligaments providing large ion-accessible active surface. The unique structural design homogenizes the thickness of electro deposited MnO2 even at an ultrahigh mass loading of approximate to 70 mg cm(-2). The electrode achieves a remarkable volumetric capacity of 29.1 mA h cm(-3) in the non-aqueous electrolyte. A Li-ion hybrid capacitor device assembled with a graded 3D GA/MnO2 cathode and graded 3D GA/VOx anode exhibits a wide voltage window of 0-4 V and a superior volumetric energy density of 20.2 W h L-1. The findings offer guidance on 3D printed electrode design for supporting ultrahigh loading of active materials and developments of high energy density energy storage devices.