Wettability variation and its impact on CO2 storage capacity at the Wyoming CarbonSAFE storage hub: An experimental approach

Meeting global and national net zero carbon emission targets will require geologic carbon disposal. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has accordingly funded significant research in this area, including the Wyoming CarbonSAFE project at Dry Fork Station (DFS) in Campbell County, Wyoming. This work studied wettability on micro-and macro-scales, CO2 storage potential, and the correlation between the two to support the Wyoming CarbonSAFE project's subsurface assessment. During the study, a target formation's wettability was found to affect how much CO2 can be stored in a given formation. In this study, representative rock samples were selected from the target storage formations- Lakota, Hulett, and Minnelusa-based on the heterogeneity of the lithology, permeability, and porosity of the respective for-mations. The rock samples are all fine-grained sandstone with variable cementation and bedding structure, including different scales of laminated bedding. The porosity and permeability vary within the range of 9.0-14.3% and 0.1-28.9 mD, respectively. These rock samples were prepared for the micro-scale wettability (contact angle measurement), macro-scale wettability (wettability index derived from unsteady-state flow characterization for the core plugs), and CO2 storage evaluation. The macro-scale experiments suggested that wettability appeared to dominate the CO2 storage potential performance during the drainage process, where less water-wet behavior promoted higher CO2 storage potential. The micro-scale wettability tests showed that the rock samples at the studied reservoir conditions behaved water-wet and became more water-wet as pressure increased. This kind of wettability change discourages further CO2 storage potential yet benefits the CO2 residual trapping as the CO2 injection proceeds for the studied area. The results allow the recommendation of the best reservoir candidate for storage based on wettability that affects CO2 storage. The work presented in this study provides valuable insights into wettability's effect on the CO2 storage capacity and wettability's importance when identifying the optimal CO2 storage formation to meet the project's goals.