Quantifying the Coupled Effect between Soil Moisture and Climate in the Desert Steppe Environment of Inner Mongolia, China

Soil moisture is an important variable affecting land surface and climate interactions. This study used cross-wavelet and wavelet coherence methods to analyze the relationship between soil moisture and climatic factors in the study area based on the soil moisture data sequence and corresponding meteorological data observed on the surface of the desert steppe in Inner Mongolia. The results showed that soil moisture had a relatively high- or low-value period for months or even years. Soil moisture was significantly different between different slope positions and soil layers. The fluctuation and mean of soil moisture decreased gradually with the deepening of soil depth. The relationship between soil moisture and meteorological factors varied with time scales. The influence of precipitation on soil moisture was significant at time scales of 1-6 months and 10-15 months, while air temperature and soil temperature showed stable and continuous periodic influence on soil moisture at the time scale of 10-15 months. Climate indexes for the Pacific region, Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAO) were the main climatic factors controlling soil moisture in the Inner Mongolia desert steppe and strongly correlated with soil moisture primarily on time scales of 4-7 months and 10-15 months. Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Indian Ocean basin-wide warming (IOBW) showed a strong lag effect on soil moisture.