Modal Approach in Psychology and Modal Psychology

The author believes that in connection with the new challenges of the time, one of which is the dominance of integrity over systemicity, it is necessary to revise the existing scientific psychology. The article discusses the development project of a new, modal psychology, corresponding to the post-non-classical type of scientific rationality. Problematization: In order to identify contradictions, the author concretizes the main existing directions in the development of domestic psychology, highlighting their limitations and opportunities. Regarding the activity approach, the author calls for a revision of the boundaries and purification from the substitution of concepts. The cultural-historical approach shows potential for modal psychology. The cultural and activity direction is supported within the framework of the development of education. The author comes to the conclusion about the need for a new psychology developed on the foundation of cultural-historical psychology. The purpose of the article is to reveal the commonality between the cultural-historical psychology of L. S. Vygotsky and the critical ontology of N. Hartmann in order to highlight the foundations for constructing modal psychology. The author applied the analytical method: allocation of general and particular, comparison, generalization and systematization. More than 70 sources were involved in the analysis. Results: In the study of existing domestic fundamental approaches in psychology, the author reveals cultural-historical psychology (CHP) as a post-non-classical scientific knowledge and builds parallels with the critical ontology of N. Hartmann to justify the built-in (CHP) into the universal ontology. For the modal psychology project, a basic distinction is introduced: modal approach and modal psychology. The author adopts the method of L. S. Vygotsky - the construction of psychology from a "point from outside". This method is transferred to modal psychology, for which the "point" serves as a support as a philosophy. The author identifies two ways of building modal psychology: "from below" and "from above", showing that each has a source and is not complete. On the example of his own studies of reflection, the author confirms the possibility of building a modal psychology in a "top-down" way. Main conclusions: 1) A unified methodological platform of the views of L. S. Vygotsky and N. Hartman in matters of the ontology of reality, the method of studying the whole, and the attitude to the individual. 2) The concepts of perception, consciousness, personality, thinking, in which the concept of modality is applied, are the potential for the development of the modal approach and modal psychology. 3) In all the variety of applications of the concept of modality in psychology, two ways of constructing modal psychology are definitely distinguished, one "from the bottom up", when the modalities of perception do not disappear and are objectified in higher psychological functions, and the other, "from top to bottom" from the "point from outside", given philosophy, when the ontic modalities of the necessary, the possible, the actual and their opposites are used for analysis. 4) The author defines cultural-historical psychology as the foundation for building modal psychology "from top to bottom", arguing in this article by the similarity of methods: analysis using "units of analysis of the whole" (L. S. Vygotsky) and modal analysis (N. Hartman).