Verproside, the Most Active Ingredient in YPL-001 Isolated from Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum, Decreases Inflammatory Response by Inhibiting PKCd Activation in Human Lung Epithelial Cells

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease which causes breathing problems. YPL-001, consisting of six iridoids, has potent inhibitory efficacy against COPD. Although YPL-001 has completed clinical trial phase 2a as a natural drug for COPD treatment, the most effective iridoid in YPL-001 and its mechanism for reducing airway inflammation remain unclear. To find an iridoid most effectively reducing airway inflammation, we examined the inhibitory effects of the six iridoids in YPL-001 on TNF or PMA-stimulated inflammation (IL-6, IL-8, or MUC5AC) in NCI-H292 cells. Here, we show that verproside among the six iridoids most strongly suppresses inflammation. Both TNF/NF-?B-induced MUC5AC expression and PMA/PKCd/EGR-1-induced IL-6/-8 expression are successfully reduced by verproside. Verproside also shows anti-inflammatory effects on a broad range of airway stimulants in NCI-H292 cells. The inhibitory effect of verproside on the phosphorylation of PKC enzymes is specific to PKCd. Finally, in vivo assay using the COPD-mouse model shows that verproside effectively reduces lung inflammation by suppressing PKCd activation and mucus overproduction. Altogether, we propose YPL-001 and verproside as candidate drugs for treating inflammatory lung diseases that act by inhibiting PKCd activation and its downstream pathways.