Lung-gut axis of microbiome alterations following co-exposure to ultrafine carbon black and ozone

Background Microbial dysbiosis is a potential mediator of air pollution-induced adverse outcomes. However, a systemic comparison of the lung and gut microbiome alterations and lung-gut axis following air pollution exposure is scant. In this study, we exposed male C57BL/6J mice to inhaled air, CB (10 mg/m 3 ), O 3 (2 ppm) or CB + O 3 mixture for 3 h/day for either one day or four consecutive days and were euthanized 24 h post last exposure. The lung and gut microbiome were quantified by 16 s sequencing. Results Multiple CB + O 3 exposures induced an increase in the lung inflammatory cells (neutrophils, eosinophils and B lymphocytes), reduced absolute bacterial load in the lungs and increased load in the gut. CB + O 3 exposure was more potent as it decreased lung microbiome alpha diversity just after a single exposure. CB + O 3 co-exposure uniquely increased Clostridiaceae and Prevotellaceae in the lungs. Serum short chain fatty acids (SCFA) (acetate and propionate) were increased significantly only after CB + O 3 co-exposure. A significant increase in SCFA producing bacterial families ( Ruminococcaceae , Lachnospiraceae , and Eubacterium ) were also observed in the gut after multiple exposures. Co-exposure induced significant alterations in the gut derived metabolite receptors/mediator ( Gcg, Glp-1r, Cck ) mRNA expression. Oxidative stress related mRNA expression in lungs, and oxidant levels in the BALF, serum and gut significantly increased after CB + O 3 exposures. Conclusion Our study confirms distinct gut and lung microbiome alterations after CB + O 3 inhalation co-exposure and indicate a potential homeostatic shift in the gut microbiome to counter deleterious impacts of environmental exposures on metabolic system.