Automatic NMR-based protocol for assessment of honey authenticity

1H NMR analysis of organic extracts of honey is a powerful technique to confirm its botanical origin, thanks to the presence of signals that are specific to each floral typology. Similarly, signals from bee metabolites provide an important tool to verify honey entomological origin. Here, we present a method for honey screening that does not require any detailed analysis of the NMR spectrum for the detection and quantification of such markers. Our approach is based on the measurement of two spectral parameters, named entomological factor (EF) and aromatic factor (AF), calculated by integration of well-defined regions of the NMR spectrum. The values of EF and AF can reveal direct or indirect dilution of honey with sugar syrups. This method was tested on honeys of different floral origins and could identify all adulterated samples previously recognized by official techniques. Notably, several samples found compliant by official methods were proven non-genuine by the proposed approach.