Mineralogy of sediments in the Mariana Trench controlled by environmental conditions of the West Pacific since the Last Glacial Maximum

•A sedimentary record from the “Challenger Deep” with a depth of 8.3 km is presented.•High illite/smectite ratios of clay minerals indicate increased dust inputs during the LGM.•The formation of authigenic minerals is attributed to the blooming of large diatoms.•The bulk and clay mineralogy of trench sediments is regulated by environmental conditions.