Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction of Fluoroquinolones in Chicken Livers Followed by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography: Greenness Assessment Using National Environmental Methods Index Label (NEMI), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical GREEnness Metric (AGREE), and Eco Scale
Journal of food composition and analysis(2023)
Abstract
In this work, a simple hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction combined with high pressure liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) is presented for the determination of six fluoroquinolone residues in chicken livers. The hollow fiber liquid supported liquid membrane (HF-SLM) procedure was optimized by one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT). The samples were extracted from the livers with a 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and purified by hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction. Under optimum conditions, the linearity was in the range of 30-400 mu g kg-1 for all the target analytes. The coefficient of determination (R2) ranged from 0.9988 to 0.9999 and the correlation coefficient (R) ranged from 0.9994 to 0.9999. The recoveries ranged from 68 % to 103 %, and the limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of the target compounds in chicken livers ranged from 2 to 15 mu g kg-1 and 7-50 mu g kg- 1 respectively. The greenness of the method was assessed by NEMI, GAPI, Eco scale, and AGREE metrics tools. When comparing all these tools, only the Eco-scale tool qualified the proposed method as being green.
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Key words
Hollow fiber,Supported liquid membrane,Liquid phase microextraction,Biological sample,Sample preparation,Fluoroquinolones,HPLC-FLD,Chicken livers,Green assessment
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