Nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine use among individuals with untreated obstructive sleep apnea

Background Psychoactive substance use (i.e., nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine) has substantial effects on sleep architecture in healthy individuals, but their effects in those with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have not been well described. We aimed to describe the association between psychoactive substance use and sleep characteristics and daytime symptoms in individuals with untreated OSA. Methods We performed a secondary, cross-sectional analysis of The Apnea Positive Pressure Long-term Efficacy Study (APPLES). Exposures included current smoking, alcohol and caffeine use in individuals with untreated OSA. Outcome domains included subjective and objective sleep characteristics, daytime symptoms, and comorbid conditions. Linear or logistic regression assessed the association between substance use and each domain (e.g., self-reported sleep duration, total polysomnographic sleep time, sleepiness, and anxiety). Results Of the 919 individuals with untreated OSA, 116 (12.6%) were current cigarette smokers, 585 (63.7%) were moderate or heavy alcohol users, and 769 (83.7%) were moderate or heavy caffeine users. Participants were on average 52.2±11.9 years old, 65.2% were male with a median BMI of 30.6 (IQR: 27.2, 35.9, kg/m 2 ). Current smokers exhibited lower sleep duration (0.3 h), longer sleep latency (5 min) compared with non-smokers (all p -values < 0.05). People with heavy or moderate alcohol use exhibited more REM sleep (2.5 and 5% of total sleep time respectively), as did those with moderate caffeine use (2%, p -values < 0.05). The combined smoker plus caffeine group exhibited shorter sleep duration (0.4 h, p-value < 0.05) and higher risk for chronic pain [Odds Ratio (95%CI) = 4.83 (1.57, 14.9) compared with non-users. Conclusions Psychoactive substance use is associated with sleep characteristics and clinically relevant correlates in people with untreated OSA. Further investigation into the effects that various substances have on this population may present opportunities to understand disease mechanisms more fully and increase the effectiveness of treatment in OSA.