FDXR -associated disease: a challenging differential diagnosis with inflammatory peripheral neuropathy

Background and aims Mutations in FDXR gene, involved in mitochondrial pathway, cause a rare recessive neurological disorder with variable severity of phenotypes. The most common presentation includes optic and/or auditory neuropathy, variably associated to developmental delay or regression, global hypotonia, pyramidal, cerebellar signs, and seizures. The review of clinical findings in previously described cases from literature reveals also a significant incidence of sensorimotor peripheral polyneuropathy (22.72%) and ataxia (43.18%). To date, 44 patients with FDXR mutations have been reported. We describe here on two new patients, siblings, who presented with a quite different phenotype compared to previously described patients. Methods Clinical, neurophysiological, and genetic features of two siblings and a systematic literature review focused on the clinical spectrum of the disease are described. Results Both patients presented with an acute–sub-acute onset of peripheral neuropathy and only in later stages of the disease developed the typical features of FDXR -associated disease. Interpretation The peculiar clinical presentation at onset and the evolution of the disease in our patients and in some cases revised from the literature shed lights on a new possible phenotype of FDXR -associated disease: a peripheral neuropathy which can mimic an acute inflammatory disease.