Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to inform dosing regimens and routes of administration of rifampicin and colistin combination against Acinetobacter baumannii

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is resistant to major antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside, and has become a significant nosocomial path-ogen. The efficacy of rifampicin and colistin combination against CRAB could be dependent on the adminis-tration routes and drug concentrations at the site of infection.Objective: The objective is to predict drug disposition in biological tissues. Treatment efficacy is extrapolated by assessing respective pharmacodynamic (PD) indices, as well as parameters associated with the emergence of resistance.Methods: Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models of rifampicin and colistin were utilized to predict tissue exposures. Dosing regimens and administration routes for combination therapy were evaluated in terms of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of A. baumannii associated with targeted PD indices and resistance parameters.Results: Simulated exposures in blood, heart, lung, skin and brain were consistent with reported penetration rates. The results demonstrated that a combination of colistin and rifampicin using conventional intravenous (i.v.) doses could achieve effective exposures in the blood and skin. However, for lung infections, colistin by inhalation would be required due to low lung penetration from intravenous route. Inhaled colistin alone provided good PD coverage but this practice could encourage the emergence of additional resistance which may be overcome by a combination regimen that includes inhaled rifampicin.Conclusion: This in silico extrapolation provides valuable information on dosing regimens and routes of admin-istration against CRAB infections in specific tissues. The PBPK modeling approach could be a non-invasive way to inform therapeutic benefits of combination antimicrobial therapy.