A Comprehensive Power Management Approach for Hydrogen Fuel-cell-Based Hybrid EVs Using PID Controller

Reducing the dependency on internal combustion (IC) engines that use fossil fuels, which causes carbon emissions, is the need of the hour for future mobility and the accomplishment of sustainable goals. For this purpose, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are considered that uses renewable fuel. Hydrogen-based fuel cell having high power-toweight ratios and improved energy density are being increasingly selected along with battery bank storage. Research undergoing in the field of HEVs is achieving effective powersharing among the hybrid energy sources and the economic feasibility of the vehicle. The present work uses a proportionalintegral control scheme for economic power-sharing between fuel cells and the battery bank of HEV, tested on multiple standardized driving cycles. It also includes charging the battery using regenerative braking that further enhances the cost-effectiveness of fuel consumption. For the studies, a Lithium-ion type storage unit with support from multi-stack hydrogen fuel cells (HFC) is taken. The battery degradation is also applied to the realized actual technical and economic scenario as the battery replacement is costly, about similar to 35% of total vehicle cost, which is required to be reduced by optimal assistance from HFC. The obtained results give insight into using an HEV for better fuel economy, increased driving cycle performance, and improved battery life.