Source characteristics of icequakes caused by surface crevasses on Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Tianshan, China

Icequakes associated with crevassing provide key information on stress fields and water flow pathways inside glaciers, conditions which are sensitive to temperature and precipitation. In this study, we analyse seismic data from 321 days recorded by five broad-band seismometers on Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Tianshan, China, to investigate the source characteristics of icequakes. We first apply a multidimensional autoregressive maximum-likelihood algorithm to detect 12 template events from 62 days of continuous waveform data. The centroid locations of the 12 template events are located using a grid-search approach. We then obtain a catalogue of 41 895 icequakes by compiling all seismic data through a template-matching method. The local magnitudes of all icequakes range between −3.3 and 0.5, with a completeness magnitude of −2.95 and Gutenberg–Richter b-value of 1.08. The particle motion and frequency contents of the 12 template events show that the dominant phases on the vertical component are Rayleigh waves at 5–40 Hz, suggesting that these icequakes were generated by near-surface crevasses. The average daily icequake number for each month and diurnal icequake variations show clear seasonal features. The icequakes may be related to growth of the surface crevasses due to additional melting water and precipitation in summer and to the thermal contraction of the ice body in winter.