Distinct Origins and Transmission Pathways of bla_KPC Enterobacterales across Three US States

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are among the most concerning antibiotic resistance threats due to high rates of multidrug resistance, transmissibility in health care settings, and high mortality rates. We evaluated the potential for regional genomic surveillance to track the spread of bla(KPC)-carrying CRE (KPC-CRE) by using isolate collections from health care facilities in three U.S. states. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are among the most concerning antibiotic resistance threats due to high rates of multidrug resistance, transmissibility in health care settings, and high mortality rates. We evaluated the potential for regional genomic surveillance to track the spread of bla(KPC)-carrying CRE (KPC-CRE) by using isolate collections from health care facilities in three U.S. states. Clinical isolates were collected from Connecticut (2017 to 2018), Minnesota (2012 to 2018), and Tennessee (2016 to 2017) through the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Multi-site Gram-negative Surveillance Initiative (MuGSI) and additional surveillance. KPC-CRE isolates were whole-genome sequenced, yielding 255 isolates from 214 patients across 96 facilities. Case report data on patient comorbidities, facility exposures, and interfacility patient transfer were extracted. We observed that in Connecticut, most KPC-CRE isolates showed evidence of importation from outside the state, with limited local transmission. In Minnesota, cases were mainly from sporadic importation and transmission of bla(KPC)-carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258, and clonal expansion of bla(KPC)-carrying Enterobacter hormaechei ST171, primarily at a single focal facility and its satellite facilities. In Tennessee, we observed transmission of diverse strains of bla(KPC)-carrying Enterobacter and Klesbiella, with evidence that most derived from the local acquisition of bla(KPC) plasmids circulating in an interconnected regional health care network. Thus, the underlying processes driving KPC-CRE burden can differ substantially across regions and can be discerned through regional genomic surveillance. This study provides proof of concept that integrating genomic data with information on interfacility patient transfers can provide insights into locations and drivers of regional KPC-CRE burden that can enable targeted interventions.