An unmanned emergency blood dispatch system based on an early prediction and fast delivery strategy: Design and development study

Background and objective: For severe trauma patients, hemorrhage is the most common cause of medi-cally preventable deaths. Early transfusion is beneficial to major hemorrhagic patients. However, the early supply of emergency blood products for major hemorrhagic patients is still a major problem in many ar-eas. The aim of this study was to design and develop an unmanned emergency blood dispatch system for the fast delivery of blood resources and rapid emergency response to trauma events, especially those with mass hemorrhagic trauma patients and those occurred in remote areas.Methods: Based on the process of emergency medical services for trauma patients, we introduced un-manned aerial vehicle (UAV) and designed the main flowchart of the dispatch system, which combines an emergency transfusion prediction model and UAV-related dispatch algorithms to improve first aid ef-ficiency and quality. The system identifies patients in need of emergency transfusion through a multidi-mensional prediction model. Then, by analyzing the blood center, hospitals and UAV stations nearby, the system recommends the patient's transfer destination for emergency transfusion and dispatch schemes of UAVs and trucks for a fast supply of blood products. Simulation experiments of urban and rural scenarios were conducted to evaluate the proposed system.Results: The developed emergency transfusion prediction model of the proposed system achieves a higher AUROC value of 0.8453 than a classical transfusion prediction score. In the urban experiment, by adopt-ing the proposed system, the average wait time per patient decreased from 32 to 18 min, and the total time decreased from 42 to 29 min. Owing to the combination of the prediction and the fast delivery function, the proposed system took 4 and 11 min less wait time than the strategy with only the predic-tion function and the strategy with only the fast delivery function, respectively. In the rural experiment, for trauma patients requiring an emergency transfusion at 4 locations, the wait time for transfusion un-der the proposed system was 16.54, 17.08, 38.70 and 46.00 min less than that under the conventional strategy. The health status-related score increased by 6.9%, 0.9%, 19.1% and 36.7%, respectively.Conclusions: Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system works well with a faster blood supply speed for severe hemorrhagic patients and better health status. With the assistance of the system, emergency doctors at the scene of an injury are able to comprehensively analyze patients' status and the surrounding rescue conditions and then make decisions, especially when encountering mass casualties or casualties in remote areas.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )