euka: Robust detection of eukaryotic taxa from modern and ancient environmental DNA using pangenomic reference graphs.

1. Ancient environmental DNA (eDNA) is a crucial source of information for past environmental reconstruction. However, the computational analysis of ancient eDNA involves not only the inherited challenges of ancient DNA (aDNA) but also the typical difficulties of eDNA samples, such as taxonomic identification and abundance estimation of identified taxonomic groups. Current methods for ancient eDNA fall into those that only perform mapping followed by taxonomic identification and those that purport to do abundance estimation. The former leaves abundance estimates to users, while methods for the latter are not designed for large metagenomic datasets and are often imprecise and challenging to use. 2. Here, we introduce euka, a tool designed for rapid and accurate characterisation of ancient eDNA samples. We use a taxonomy-based pangenome graph of reference genomes for robustly assigning DNA sequences and use a maximum-likelihood framework for abundance estimation. At the present time, our database is restricted to mitochondrial genomes of tetrapods and arthropods but can be expanded in future versions. 3. We find euka to outperform current taxonomic profiling tools as well as their abundance estimates. Crucially, we show that regardless of the filtering threshold set by existing methods, euka demonstrates higher accuracy. Furthermore, our approach is robust to sparse data, which is idiosyncratic of ancient eDNA, detecting a taxon with an average of fifty reads aligning. We also show that euka is consistent with competing tools on empirical samples and about ten times faster than current quantification tools. 4. euka's features are fine-tuned to deal with the challenges of ancient eDNA, making it a simple-to-use, all-in-one tool. It is available on GitHub: https://github.com/grenaud/vgan. euka enables researchers to quickly assess and characterise their sample, thus allowing it to be used as a routine screening tool for ancient eDNA. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.