Nature-based solutions enhanced by reactive materials for the protection of urban water bodies

Nature-based solutions (NBS) are defined as supported and inspired by nature solutions that are cost-effective and simultaneously provide environmental, social and, economic benefits that help build resilience. In the case of water resources, NBS increases the quantity of water resources but also, on the other hand, contributes to water quality improvement by limiting and inhibiting of eutrophication process. The study aimed to assess the efficiency of opoka rock (carbonate- siliceous rock) for phosphorus (P) removal and pointed out its potential application in NBS for urban water bodies protection. The batch reactor studies were taken for three different initial P-PO4 concentrations: 0.996, 5.113 and 10.815 mg/L, corresponding to removal after 91 h of 82%, 90%, and 93%. The research investigated also sorption mechanisms by different kinetic mod-els: pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second kinetic order models, Elovich and intraparticle diffu-sion model. Obtained results were characterized by the highest fit to the pseudo-second kinetic and Elovich models. The implementation aspect of the presented studies is the nomogram for estimating reactive material mass vs. initial P-PO4 concentration.