Superior Photocatalytic Activity of BaO@Ag₃PO₄ Nanocomposite for Dual Function Degradation of Methylene Blue and Hydrogen Production under Visible Light Irradiation

The current work focuses on the photo degradation of organic pollutants, particularly methylene blue (MB) dye, and the production of hydrogen as green energy using a composite of silver phosphate Ag3PO4 (AP) and barium oxide/silver phosphate BaO@Ag3PO4 (APB) as a photocatalyst. This composite was successfully synthesized using a chemical co-precipitation approach. The physicochemical properties of the obtained samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis/DRS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometry. From XRD, the average crystallite sizes of AP and APB are 39.1 and 46 nm, respectively, with a homogeneous morphology detected by SEM. UV and PL experiments showed that the compound is active under visible light, with an improvement in the lifetimes of the electrons and the holes in the presence of BaO with Ag3PO4. The as-synthesized APB photocatalyst sample showed a remarkably high degradation efficiency of MB (20 ppm, 50 mL) of around 94%, with a hydrogen production yield of around 7538 mu mol/(h center dot g), after 120 min of illumination, which is greater than the degradation efficiency of the AP photocatalyst sample, which was about 88%. The high photodegradation efficiency was attributed to the electronic promotion effect of the BaO particles. The APB composite demonstrated an increased photocatalytic performance in effectively degrading an organic dye (MB) with no secondary pollutants when exposed to visible light irradiation.