Synthesis and fuel properties of high-density and low-freezing-point asymmetric cycloalkyl adamantane

The exploration to increase the fuel energy density is stimulated by the payload and cruising range concerns in aerospace industry. The high-density fuels are always rationally designed for the advanced volume-limited aircrafts to fulfill more complicated missions. Alkyl adamantanes gradually become a prospective class of high-energy-density fuels. Herein, in this work, we reported an approach to synthesize asymmetric cyclopentyl adamantane via AlCl3-catalyzed alkylation of adamantane and cyclopentene with an attractive combination of a high density of 0.990 g/mL as well as a low freezing point of-30 degrees C. The obtained 1-cyclopentyl-adamantane was well designed with the cyclic substituent (enhance the density) and asymmetric structure (lower the freezing temperature). Subsequently, the comprehensive fuel performance of cyclopentyl adamantane, i.e., density, freezing point, low-temperature viscosity, heating value, and combustion properties were evaluated. It was shown that both density and combustion properties of cycloalkyl adamantane were superior to the typical high -density JP-10 fuel. In addition, the properties of binary fuel mixture (1-cyclopentyl-adamantane and JP-10) demonstrated that cyclopentyl adamantane could be used as a promising blendstock with conventional jet fuel to enhance the energy density and promote the combustion performance of the final fuel blends.